Mother's Day

International history and tradition

In most countries, Mother's Day is a recent observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States. As adopted by other countries and cultures, the holiday has different meanings, is associated with different events (religious, historical or legendary), and is celebrated on different dates.

In some cases, countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the American holiday, such as giving carnations and other presents to one's mother.

The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.^{[citation needed]}

 

Religion

In the Roman Catholic Church, the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary.^[29] In many Catholic homes, families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary.

In Hindu tradition Mother's Day is called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population, especially in Nepal. The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh, i.e., April/May. This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the Western-inspired holiday by at least a few centuries.^{[citation needed]}

 

Countries

 

 Indonesia

 

Mother's day (Indonesian: Hari Ibu) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. It was made an official day by President Soekarno under the Presidential Decree (Indonesian: Dekrit Presiden) no. 316 year 1959, in the 25th anniversary of the 1928 third Indonesian Women Congress. The day originally aimed to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, the meaning of Mother's Day has changed, and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers, such as flowers, hold surprise parties and competitions such as cooking competition or kebaya wearing competition. People also allow mothers to have a day off from doing domestic chores.^[44]

It is celebrated in the day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (Indonesian: Kongres Perempuan Indonesia) from 22 to 25 December 1928.^[45][26] The meeting took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran^[46] that now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (Indonesian: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Brigjen Katamso Street, Yogyakarta. It was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., Kartini, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Meutia, Maria Walanda Maramis, Dewi Sartika, Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said, etc.^[26] The congress aimed to improve women's rights on education and marriage.^[47]

Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day (Indonesian: Hari Kartini) in 21 April, in memory of activist Raden Ayu Kartini. It celebrates the emancipation of women.^[45] It was instituted in the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress.^[47]

During President Suharto's New Order (1965-1998), the government's propaganda used Mother's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home.^[47]

Arab world

Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin^[30] in his book Smiling America (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time. Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor. The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother. Hearing this, Amin became motivated to promote "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956. The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries.

When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day" as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder. These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Mother's Day was celebrated on 12 June 2010, on the second Saturday in June.^{[citation needed]}

Argentina

In Argentina it is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. It was originally celebrated on 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of Virgin Mary (after the Second Vatican Council the Virgin Mary festivity was moved to 1 January).^[24] Around 1982, the national merchants asked that it be moved to the third Sunday of October to reactivate sales in the second half of that month.^[31]

Australia

In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May.

The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother's Day in Australia was started by Mrs Janet Heyden,^[32] a resident of Leichhardt, Sydney, in 1924. She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women, where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers. To cheer them up, she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women. Every year thereafter, more support was raised by Mrs Heyden with local businesses and even the local Mayor. The day has since become commercialised. Traditionally, the chrysanthemum is given to mothers for Mother's Day as the flower is naturally in season during autumn and ends in "mum", a common affectionate shortening of "mother" in Australia. Men will often wear a chrysanthemum in their lapels in honour of mothers.

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May. In observance of the day discussion programs are organized by government and non-governmental organizations. Reception programs and cultural programs are organized to mark the day in the capital city. Television channels air special programs, and newspapers publish special features and columns to mark the day. Greeting cards, flowers and gifts featuring mothers are in high demand at the shops and markets.

Belgium

In Belgium, Mother's Day (Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they will hand over in the early morning. Typically, the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries, and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed – the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother. There are also many people who celebrate Mother's Day on 15 August instead; these are mostly people around Antwerp, who consider that day (Assumption) the classical Mother's Day and the one in May an invention for commercial reasons.

Bolivia

In Bolivia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El Dia de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes. It commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla, which took place on 27 May 1812, during the Bolivian War of Independence, in what is now the city of Cochabamba. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a festive day, but all schools make activities and festivities during this day.^{[contradiction][13]}

Brazil

In Brazil, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

The first Mother's Day in the country was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre (Young Men's Christian Association of Porto Alegre), on 12 May 1918. In 1932, the then President Getúlio Vargas made official the date on the second Sunday of May. In 1947, Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara, Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, determined that this date was also included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church.

It is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of that, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country, second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday.^[33]

Bulgaria

March 8th in Bulgaria is associated with International Women's Day. The holiday honours women as human beings and also as equal partners.

Another Bulgarian holiday related to maternity and the family is Babinden (Bulgarian Бабинден), celebrated on 8 January.

Canada

See also Other observances in Canada

Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not, however, a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family. Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations, such as Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many people in Canada express their gratitude towards mothers and mother figures on Mother’s Day. A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women.

China

The day is becoming more popular in China, and carnations are a very popular gift and the most sold type of flower.^[34] In 1997 it was set as the day to help poor mothers, specially to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region.^[34] In the People's Daily, the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."^[34]

In recent years the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of Mèng Zǐ, and formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society, with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics.^[35][36] They also ask to replace the Western gift of carnations with lilies, which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home.^[36] It remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities.

The Czech Republic

The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the split of the country in 1993, the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother's Day and Saint Valentine's Day. However, the Czechs saw those two celebrations as commercialized and artificial, and they had mild popularity. Nowadays, the sales of flowers for Women's Day are approaching those for Mother's Day or Valentine's Day.^[19]

Estonia

In Estonia Mother's Day (emadepäev in Estonian) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but is not a public holiday.^[37]

France

In France, amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there had been attempts in 1896 and 1904 to make a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families.^[38] In 1906 ten mothers who had 9 children each were given an award recognising "High Maternal Merit" ("Haut mérite maternel").^{[citation needed]} American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US holiday created by Ann Jarvis; they sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose.^[38] In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but it finally decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses," which was more inspired by the anti-depopulation efforts than the US holiday, with medals being awarded to the mothers of large families.^[38] The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families.^[39] Since 1920 it awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of big families.

In 1941, by initiative of Philippe Pétain, the wartime Vichy government used the celebration as part of their policy to encourage larger families, but all mothers were now being honored, even the ones who had small families.^[39]

In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June).^{[citation needed]}

During the 1950s the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.^[38]

In 1956 the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action sociale et des familles.^{[citation needed]} In 2004 responsibility was transferred to the Minister responsible for families.^{[citation needed]}

Germany

In the 1920s, Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and it was still declining. This was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, influential groups in society (politicians of left and right, churchwomen, and feminists) thought that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do it. All those groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag, the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America^{[citation needed]} and Norway. The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday, and he expected that it would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk, and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and started being about raising the level of population in Germany by promoting motherhood.^[40]

The holiday was now seen as a means to get the women to bear more children, and nationalists saw it as a way of rejuvenating the nation. The holiday did not celebrate individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives, and because they saw it as a way to cut the rights of the worker women. Die Frau, the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to even recognize the holiday. Many local authorities made their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than families with more children or with "healthier" children.^[40]

With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, this all changed radically. The propaganda for Mother's Day had increased in many European countries, including the UK and France, and the Nazis also increased it from the moment they entered into power. The role of mothers was unambiguously promoted as that of giving healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to nazi eugenics. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.^[40][41]

The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV (National Socialist People's Welfare Association) and the NSF (National Socialist Women Organization). This brought conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, like the Catholic and the Protestant churches and local women organizations. Local authorities continuously resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and kept assigning resources to families that were in economic need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.^[40]

The government started issuing an award called Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz) in 1938, with categories that depended on the number of children. The cross aimed to encourage women to have more children, and recipients had to have at least four. For example, a gold cross recipient (level one) had to have eight children or more. Since having fewer children was a recent development, the gold cross was awarded mostly to elderly mothers with grown-up children. It promoted loyalty among German women and it was a popular award even though it had little material reward and it was mostly empty praise. The recipients of honors had to be examined by doctors and social workers according to genetic and racial values that were considered beneficial. The friends and family were also examined for possible flaws that could disqualify them, and they had to be "racially and morally fit." They had to be "German-blooded," "genetically healthy," "worthy," "politically reliable," and could not have vices like drinking. Criteria against honors were, for example, "family history contains inferior blood", "unfeminine" behavior like smoking or doing poor housekeeping, not being "politically reliable", or having family members that had been "indicted and imprisoned". There were instances where a family was disqualified because a doctor saw signs of "feeblemindedness". Even contact with a Jew could disqualify a potential recipient. Some social workers had become disillusioned from the Weimar Republic and supported Nazi ideas personally as a means to "cure" the problems of the country. Application of policies was uneven, as doctors promoted medical criteria over racial criteria, and local authorities promoted economic need over any other criteria.^[40][41]

The holiday is now celebrated on the second Sunday of May, in a manner similar to other nearby European countries.

Greece

Mother's Day in Greece is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

Hungary

In Hungary, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth.

India

The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture,^[42] and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May.^[43] In India, mothers are considered as god to their children.^{[citation needed]} Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious one, but do their best to thank their mothers for care and love.

Traditionally, mothers are given great importance in Indian culture. The day is celebrated mostly in urban centers, by performing special acts to honour them and their contribution to the family. It is called Matru Din (from Sanskrit).

Iran

Celebrated on 20 Jumada al-thani, the birthday anniversary of Fatimah,^[28][48], Muhammad's only daughter according to Shia Islam orthodoxy. It was changed after the Iranian Revolution (1979); the Islamic regime used the holiday as a propaganda tool to undercut feminist movements and promote role models for the traditional model of family, Fatimah was the chosen model of a submissive women that was completely dedicated to traditional roles.^{[28][49][50][51][49]} The celebration is both Women's Day (replacing International Women's Day) and Mother's Day.^[28][49]

In 1960 the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it in 25 Azar (16 of December) of the Iranian official calendar, the date the institute was founded. It had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi, the wife of the last Shah of Persia, who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate it. The government used the holiday to promote its maternalist view of women, and it honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime, including mothers who had many healthy children.^[52]

Iraq

Mother's Day on 21 March.

Israel

The Jewish population celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls anywhere between the 30th of January and the 1st of March. It was set to the same day as the day Henrietta Szold died. Henrietta had no biological children, yet her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them, she also championed several children's rights. She is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). It has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family and it is called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). It is only celebrated by children at kindergartens, there are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday either.^[27]

Italy

Mother's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 12 May 1957, in the city of Assisi, thanks to the initiative of Rev. Otello Migliosi, parish priest of the Tordibetto church. This celebration was so successful that the following year it was adopted throughout Italy, where since then it is usually celebrated on the second Sunday in May.

Japan

In Japan, Mother's Day (母の日, Haha no Hi) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun (mother of Emperor Akihito) on 6 March. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on 8 May, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date. Nowadays it is a rather commercial holiday, and people typically give flowers such as red carnations and roses as gifts.

Latvia

Mother's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922. From 1938, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, and is a public holiday.^[53]

Malta

The first mention of Mother’s Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children’s Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother’s Day has become one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good restaurant.

Mexico

See also: Public holidays in Mexico#Festivities

The government of Álvaro Obregón imported the holiday from the US in 1922, with the newspaper Excélsior making a massive promotion campaign that year.^[54] The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, which was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.^[54]

In the mid-1930s the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: stressing the importance of families for national development, benefiting from the loyalty that Mexicans had towards their mothers, introducing new morals to Mexican women and reducing the influence that the church and the Catholic right had on them.^[55] The government sponsored the holiday in the schools.^[55] However, the theatre plays ignored the strict guidelines from the government and they were filled with religious icons and themes, and the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.^[55]

Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, promoted the holiday during the 1940s, making it into an important state-sponsored celebration.^[56] The 1942 celebration lasted a whole week, including an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost.^[56]

The catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) started paying attention to the holiday around 1941, due to Orozco's promotion.^[57] The members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) that owned shops had a custom where women from humble classes could go to their shop in mother's day, pick a gift for free, and bring it home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn reinforced the systemic social problematics of the country.^[58] While nowadays we see those holiday practices as very conservative, the 1940s' UNS was viewing the holiday as a part of the larger debate on modernization that was happening at the time.^[59] This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state, and the fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was only seen as one more piece of evidence that it was an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.^[59]

Also, the UNS and the clergy of the city of León saw in the government actions an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role of women in society, with the long term goal of weakening men spiritually when women abandoned their traditional roles at home.^[59] They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays, and they tried to counter this by organizing massive masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events and try to "depaganize" them.^[60] In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of the holiday, the clergy organized in León the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a big parade.^[60]

There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including efforts to influence Mother's Day.^[57]

Nowadays the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May.^[61]

Netherlands

Mother's Day was introduced as soon as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army.^[62] The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany, a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists, made efforts to promote the holiday; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists.^[63] They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria, but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US.^[63]

Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925. This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals, radio broadcasts, newspapers ads, and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons.^[63] In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date. In the mid 1930's the slogan Moederdag - Bloemendag (Mother's Day - Flower's Day) was coined, and the phrase was popular for many years.^[64] In the 1930's and 1940's "Mother's Day cakes" were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen, who is known as the "mother of the country".^[64] Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts.^[64]

Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honouring of the Virgin Mary, the divine mother, which took place during the whole month of May. In 1926 Mother's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints.^[65] Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday, but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960's when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized.^[65]

In later years the initial resistance disappeared, and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother's Day.^[66]

In the 1980's the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known, so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Hitler's mother.^[67]

Nepal

"Mata Tirtha Aunsi" ("Mother Pilgrimage fortnight"), or "Mata Tirtha Puja" ("Mother Pilgrimage offering"), falls on the last day of the dark fortnight of the Baishakh month (April/May). The dark fortnight is the fifteen days from the full moon to the new moon. "Mata" means mother. "Tirtha" means pilgrimage. This festival is observed to commemorate and respect mothers, and is celebrated by worshipping and giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who have passed away. To honor mothers who have passed away it is traditional to go in pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds, which are six miles south west of central Katmandu. The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds. Previously, the tradition was observed primarily by people from Newar communities and people living in the valley. Now, this festival is widely celebrated by many communities.

There is a story regarding the origin of this pilgrimage site. In ancient times the mother of a shepherd died, and he made offerings to a nearby pond. There he saw the face of his mother in the water, with her hand taking the offerings. Since then, many people visit the pond, hoping to see their deceased mothers' faces. At the very least, people believe that they will bring peace to their mothers' souls. Many tragic folklore legends have been created, suggesting different reasons for why this pond became a pilgrimage site. Till this day, there are two small ponds. The larger one is for bathing. The smaller one is to "look upon one's mother's face" and it's fenced by iron bars.^[68]

On this day you must pay homage to your mother, in Nepali "Aama ko Mukh Herne Din", the literal translation is "to see Mother’s face".

New Zealand

In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed.

Nicaragua

In Nicaragua the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s. The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, his wife's mother.^[23]

Maldives

In Maldives, Mother's Day is celebrated on 13 May. The day is celebrated in different ways. Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Media channels celebrate with special shows. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost.

Panama

In Panama Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. December 8 was adopted as Mother's Day under Law 69, which was passed the same year.^[25]

According to another account, in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May. However, politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal, so that the celebration would be held on 8 December. He then established Mother's Day as a national holiday on that date.^[69]

Palestine

Palestinians celebrate Mother's Day on 21 March, similar to other Arab countries

Paraguay

In Paraguay Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 May, the same day as the Dia de la Patria, which celebrates the independence of Paraguay.^[21] This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.^[70]

In 2008 the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because, in Paraguay, Mother's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed. As a result, Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month.^[71] A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day.^[71] In 2008 the Comisión de festejos (Celebration Committee) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May.^[72]

Philippines

Mother's day in the Philippines is celebrated every second Sunday of May. A Filipino mother is called the "light of the household" around which all activities revolve. Families treat mothers to movies or lunch or dinner out, spend time with their mothers in a park or shopping at the mall, or give their mothers time to pamper themselves. Most families celebrate at home. Children perform most chores that the mother routinely handles, prepare food or give their mothers small handcrafted tokens such as cards.

Although in its current form Mother's Day is not a traditional Filipino holiday, this and Father's Day owe their popularity to American influence.

Poland

In Poland, "Dzień Matki" ("Mother's Day") is celebrated on 26 May.

Portugal

In Portugal, the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day", literally) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day).

Romania

In Romania, since 2010, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.^[73] Law 319/2009 made both Mother's Day and Father's Day official holidays in Romania. The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA).^[73] Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of International Women's Day (a tradition from the days when Romania was part of the communist block). Now Mother's Day and Women's Day are two separate holidays, with Women's Day keeping its original date of 8 March.

Russia

Russia celebrates International Women's Day instead of Mother's Day, an inheritance from the USSR. The holiday is usually called "Women's Day" and is considered the Russian equivalent of Mother's Day.^[15]

It was first celebrated in 1913, and proclaimed in 1914 as the "day of struggle" for working women. After the October Revolution (1917) it served as propaganda tool for the Soviet government for decades. In the 1920s-1930s it only encouraged women to get educated and enter the working economy, since, according to Soviet propaganda, the capitalist oppression had been removed and there was no longer any need to "struggle" under the new regime. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) it only recruited women for support positions in the Red Army. During the 1940s it dropped any attempts to improve the situation of women, and for the next decades it only boasted how Soviets had benefited women. In the Perestroika, during the 1980s, it was put in doubt whether the holiday had accomplished anything, but it kept being publicized as a day of struggle. In the beginning of the 1990s, the holiday was stripped from all of it former meanings, and it has become just a day to give flowers to women.^[74]

Singapore

In Singapore, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The day is celebrated by individuals but not recognized as a holiday by the government. However, many companies offer special products and services for the day.

Slovakia

Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the country split in 1993, Slovakia started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, and social-democrats want to make Women's Day an official holiday. Currently, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays".^[19]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May. Although relatively new to Sri Lanka, this occasion is now becoming more popular, and more people now honor their mothers on this day. Mother's Day is celebrated by individuals but is not yet recognized as a holiday on the government calendar. However, the day has a commercial importance with many companies that offer special products and services for the day.

Sweden

In Sweden, Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized. Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes. This was in contrast to Father's Day, which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s. Mother's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May. A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the "règle de Pentecôte" law allows Mother's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost. However, in 2008, merchants declined to move the date.^[75]

Taiwan

In Taiwan, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with Buddha's birthday and the traditional ceremony of "washing the Buddha". In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha's birthday, so they would be celebrated in the same day.^[76][77]

Since 2006,^[78] the Tzu Chi, the largest charity organization in Taiwan, celebrates the Tzu Chin Day, Mother's Day and Buddha's birthday all together, as part of a unified celebration and religious observance.^[79][80][81]

Thailand

Mother's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand, Queen Sirikit (12 August).^[82] The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's Royal family.^[83] Father's Day is celebrated on the King's birthday.^[83]

Turkey

Turkey celebrates Mother's Day ("Anneler günü", literally "Mothers' Day") on the second Sunday in May.

Main article: Mothering Sunday

Great Britain and Ireland celebrate Mothering Sunday, which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent (18 March in 2012). This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday.^[5][84] Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th-century Christian practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday.^[5] As a result of this tradition, most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend. As a result of the influence of the American Mother's Day, Mothering Day transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one's mother. Commercialization and secularization further eroded the concept, and most people now see the holiday only as a day to make a gift to their mothers.^{[citation needed]} The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by some churches, with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church.

The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century, but with the Industrial Revolution, traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined.^[84] By 1935, Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe.^[85] Constance Penswick-Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s–1920s. However, US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother's Day celebration to the UK,^[86] and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England.^[87] By the 1950s, the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK, thanks to the efforts of UK merchants, who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity.^[87] People from Ireland and UK started celebrating Mother's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent, the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries.^[85] Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived, such as the tradition of eating cake on that day, although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time.^{[citation needed]} The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day, although many people are not aware that the festivities were once separate holidays.^[88]

Mothering Sunday can fall at the earliest on 1 March (in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March) and at the latest on 4 April (when Easter Day falls on 25 April).

For many people in the United Kingdom, Mother's Day is now the time of year to celebrate and buy gifts of chocolate or flowers for their mothers as a way to thank them for all they do throughout the year.

United States

Main article: Mother's Day (U.S.)

The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace".^[6] Her 1870 "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" is sometimes referred to as Mother's Day Proclamation. But Howe's day was not for honoring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American "Mother's Day", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.^[6] The current holiday was created by Anna Jarvis in Grafton, West Virginia in 1908 as a day to honor one's mother.^[9] Jarvis wanted to accomplish her mother's dream of making a celebration for all mothers, although the idea did not take off until she enlisted the services of wealthy Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker.^[89] Jarvis kept promoting the holiday until President Woodrow Wilson made the day an official national holiday in 1914.^[6] The holiday eventually became so highly commercialized that many, including its founder, Anna Jarvis, considered it a "Hallmark holiday," i.e. one with an overwhelming commercial purpose. Jarvis eventually ended up opposing the holiday she had helped to create.^[9][90] She died in 1948, regretting what had become of her holiday.^[89] In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; Mother's Day is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls.^[91] Moreover, churchgoing is also popular on Mother's Day, yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter.^[92] Many worshipers celebrate the day with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is dead.^[92]

Commercialization

Nine years after the first official United States Mother's Day, commercialization of the holiday became so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a major opponent of what the holiday had become and spent all her inheritance and the rest of her life fighting what she saw as an abuse of the celebration.^[9]

Later commercialization and other exploitations of Mother's Day infuriated Jarvis and she made her criticisms explicitly known the rest of her life.^[9][90] She criticized the practice of purchasing greeting cards, which she saw as a sign of being too lazy to write a personal letter. She was arrested in 1948 for disturbing the peace while protesting against the commercialization of Mother's Day, and she finally said that she regretted having started it.^[90]

Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions.

It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, such as Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, do not have the same level of popularity.^[93] Mother's Day is also prominent in the Sunday comic strips in the newspapers of the United States, expressing emotions ranging from sentimental to wry to caustic.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day)